- plan, implement, evaluate changes to business operations
- Education and participants
- this limits misunderstanding and misinformation
- Participation and involvement
- can improve morale amongst workforce
- consult with them throughout change, they will be more likely to accept it
- Facilitation and support
- retraining staff to help them cope with change, counselling workers to deal with fear and anxiety
- Negotiation and agreement
- Manipulation and co-option: union
- Explicit and implicit coercion ⇒ bully staff into accept change