collective bargaining
- negotiation of working conditions and pay between employer and employees
- or their representatives (trade unions!)
work to rule
- all employees follow all rules
- reduces labour productivity and firm competence ⇒ workers not allowed to do any overtime
- force employer to listen to what the workers want (i.e. teachers doing no ECs)
strike action
refusal by employees to work puts pressure on employers to fix issue not paid during strike very disruptive